Surgical robotic devices and systems for use in performing minimally invasive and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgical actions

ABSTRACT

Example embodiments relate to surgical devices, systems, and methods. The system may include an end-effector assembly. The end-effector assembly may comprise an instrument assembly and a wrist assembly. The instrument assembly may comprise an instrument for performing a surgical action. The instrument assembly may further comprise an instrument driven portion configurable to be driven in such a way as to move the instrument relative to a first axis. The instrument assembly may further comprise an instrument insulative portion providable between the instrument and the instrument driven portion. The instrument insulative portion may be configurable to electrically isolate the instrument from at least the instrument driven portion when the instrument insulative portion is provided between the instrument and the instrument driven portion. The wrist assembly may include a wrist driven portion configurable to be driven in such a way as to move the instrument relative to a second axis.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/340,699 filed on Nov. 1, 2016 and granted asU.S. Pat. No. 9,827,058. The contents of the aforementioned priorityapplication is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to systems, devices, andmethods for use in performing surgical procedures, and morespecifically, relates to surgical robotic systems, devices, and methodsfor use in performing surgical actions including, but not limited to,minimally invasive surgical procedures (MIS) and natural orificetransluminal endoscopic surgical procedures (NOTES).

Conventionally, surgical procedures performed in a body cavity of apatient, such as the abdominal cavity, required one or more large accessincisions to a patient in order for the surgical team to perform asurgical action. With advancements in medical science and technology,such conventional surgical procedures have been largely replaced byminimally invasive surgery (MIS) procedures and, where applicable,natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgical procedures (NOTES).Recent developments in respect to computer-assisted and/or roboticsurgical technology have contributed to advancements in the MIS andNOTES fields, including the ability to translate a surgeon's desiredsurgical actions into precise movements of surgical instruments inside abody cavity of a patient.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Despite recent developments in modern medical science and technology, itis recognized in the present disclosure that one or more problems areencountered in modern surgical technology and methodology. For example,a typical MIS procedure requires multiple incisions to a patient inorder to allow access via the incisions for the insertion of a cameraand various other laparoscopic instruments into the body cavity of thepatient.

As another example, surgical robotic devices oftentimes encounterdifficulties during surgical procedures due to insufficient anchoringand/or reactive forces to stabilize against forces that are desiredand/or necessary to be applied during surgical actions.

It is also recognized in the present disclosure that surgical roboticsystems face difficulties in providing an instrument, such as a cuttingor gripping instrument attached to the end of a surgical robotic arm,with access to all or even most parts, areas, and/or quadrants ofabdominal cavity of a patient. That is, after the surgical robotic armis inserted in the abdominal cavity of the patient and ready to performa surgical action, the instrument attached to the end of the surgicalrobotic arm is typically limited to access only certain parts, areas,and quadrants of the abdominal cavity of the patient.

In yet another example, known surgical robotic systems typically provideonly between one to two surgical robotic arms per access or opening(such as an incision or a natural orifice) of the patient. In thisregard, one or more additional incisions will be required for theinsertion of a camera and various laparoscopic instruments into theabdominal cavity of the patient.

Present example embodiments relate generally to systems, devices, andmethods for addressing one or more problems in surgical robotic systems,devices, and methods, including those described above and herein.

In an exemplary embodiment, a surgical arm assembly is disclosed. Thesurgical arm assembly may be insertable into a cavity of a patient. Thesurgical arm assembly may be configurable for use in performing an invivo surgical action. The surgical arm assembly may comprise anend-effector assembly. The end-effector assembly may comprise a firstinstrument assembly. The first instrument assembly may comprise a firstinstrument for performing a surgical action. The first instrumentassembly may further comprise a first instrument driven portionconfigurable to be driven in such a way as to move the first instrumentrelative to a first axis. The first instrument assembly may furthercomprise a first instrument insulative portion providable between thefirst instrument and the first instrument driven portion. The firstinstrument insulative portion may be configurable to electricallyisolate the first instrument from at least the first instrument drivenportion when the first instrument insulative portion is provided betweenthe first instrument and the first instrument driven portion.

In another exemplary embodiment, a surgical arm assembly is disclosed.The surgical arm assembly may be insertable into a cavity of a patient.The surgical arm assembly may be for use in performing an in vivosurgical action. The surgical arm assembly may comprise an end-effectorassembly and an arm assembly. The end effector assembly may comprise afirst instrument assembly. The first instrument assembly may comprise afirst instrument for performing a surgical action. The first instrumentassembly may further comprise a first instrument driven portionconfigurable to be driven in such a way as to move the first instrumentrelative to a first axis. The wrist assembly may be securable to thefirst instrument assembly. The wrist assembly may include a wrist drivenportion configurable to be driven in such a way as to move the firstinstrument relative to a second axis, the second axis being differentfrom the first axis. The arm assembly may be securable to andunsecurable from the wrist assembly. The arm assembly may comprise awrist connector portion configurable to secure to and unsecure from thewrist assembly. The arm assembly may further comprise a first instrumentdrive portion secured to the wrist connector portion. The firstinstrument drive portion may be configurable to perform the driving ofthe first instrument driven portion when the wrist connector portion issecured to the wrist assembly. The arm assembly may further comprise awrist drive portion secured to the wrist connector portion.

In another exemplary embodiment, a surgical arm assembly is disclosed.The surgical arm assembly may be insertable into a cavity of a patient.The surgical arm assembly may be for use in performing an in vivosurgical action. The surgical arm assembly may comprise an end-effectorassembly and an arm assembly. The end-effector assembly may comprise afirst instrument assembly and a second instrument assembly. The firstinstrument assembly may include a first instrument for performing asurgical action. The first instrument assembly may further include afirst instrument driven portion configurable to be driven in such a wayas to move the first instrument relative to a first axis. The firstinstrument assembly may further include a first instrument insulativeportion providable between the first instrument and the first instrumentdriven portion. The first instrument insulative portion may beconfigurable to electrically isolate the first instrument from at leastthe first instrument driven portion when the first instrument insulativeportion is provided between the first instrument and the firstinstrument driven portion. The second instrument assembly may include asecond instrument for performing a surgical action. The secondinstrument assembly may further include a second instrument drivenportion configurable to be driven in such a way as to move the secondinstrument relative to the first axis. The second instrument assemblymay further include a second instrument insulative portion providablebetween the second instrument and the second instrument driven portion.The second instrument insulative portion may be configurable toelectrically isolate the second instrument from at least the secondinstrument driven portion when the second instrument insulative portionis provided between the second instrument and the second instrumentdriven portion. The arm assembly may be securable to and unsecurablefrom the end-effector assembly. The arm assembly may comprise a wristconnector portion configurable to secure to and unsecure from theend-effector assembly. The arm assembly may further comprise a firstinstrument drive portion secured to the wrist connector portion. Thefirst instrument drive portion may be configurable to perform thedriving of the first instrument driven portion when the wrist connectorportion is secured to the end-effector assembly. The arm assembly mayfurther comprise a second instrument drive portion secured to the wristconnector portion. The second instrument drive portion may beconfigurable to perform the driving of the second instrument drivenportion when the wrist connector portion is secured to the end-effectorassembly. The arm assembly may further comprise a wrist drive portionsecured to the wrist connector portion. The wrist drive portion may beconfigurable to perform the driving of the end-effector assembly in sucha way as to collectively move the first instrument and the secondinstrument relative to a second axis when the wrist connector portion issecured to the wrist assembly.

In another exemplary embodiment, a surgical system is disclosed. Thesurgical system may comprise an end-effector assembly, a user interface,and a controller. The end-effector assembly may comprise a firstinstrument assembly. The first instrument assembly may include a firstinstrument for performing a surgical action. The first instrumentassembly may further include a first instrument driven portionconfigurable to be driven in such a way as to move the first instrumentrelative to a first axis. The user interface may be configurable toreceive user interactions being actions to be performed by the surgicalarm assembly. The controller may be or include a processor configurableto receive, from the user interface, user interaction informationrepresentative of user interactions performed on the user interface. Thecontroller may be or include a process configurable to process thereceived user interaction information. The controller may be or includea process configurable to transmit, based on the processing, one or morecommands to the surgical arm assembly. The one or more commands mayinclude commanding the first instrument drive portion to drive the firstinstrument driven portion in such a way as to cause a movement of thefirst instrument in a first direction relative to the first axis. Thecontroller may be configurable to detect a resistance in a movement ofat least a part of the end-effector assembly and communicate a hapticfeedback response to the user interface. The controller may beconfigurable to receive, from the user interface, user interactionsperformed on the user interface representative of commanding an energysource to apply an electric current to the first instrument to performthe actions of an electrosurgical instrument.

In another exemplary embodiment, a surgical system is described. Thesurgical system may include an end-effector assembly. The end-effectorassembly may include first instrument assembly. The first instrumentassembly may include a first instrument, a first instrument drivenportion, and a first instrument insulative portion. The first instrumentmay be configurable to receive an electric current. The first instrumentmay be configurable to perform an electrosurgical action when anelectric current is applied to the first instrument. The firstinstrument driven portion may be configurable to be driven in such a wayas to move the first instrument relative to a first axis. The firstinstrument insulative portion may be providable between the firstinstrument and the first instrument driven portion. The first instrumentinsulative portion may be configurable to prevent at least the firstinstrument driven portion from receiving an electric current applied tothe first instrument when the first instrument insulative portion isprovided between the first instrument and the first instrument drivenportion.

In another exemplary embodiment, a surgical system is described. Thesurgical system may include an end-effector assembly and an armassembly. The end-effector assembly may include a first instrumentassembly and second instrument assembly. The first instrument assemblymay include a first instrument insulative portion and first instrument.The first instrument may include a first elongated distal end forperforming a surgical action and a second proximal end. The secondproximal end of the first instrument may include an opening. The firstinstrument may be configurable to receive an electric current. The firstinstrument may be configurable to perform an electrosurgical action whenan electric current is applied to the first instrument. The firstinstrument insulative portion may be provided in the opening of thefirst instrument. The first instrument insulative portion may beconfigurable to move the first elongated distal end of the firstinstrument relative to a first axis when a first gear assembly drivesthe first instrument insulative portion to rotate around the first axis.The first axis may be an axis drawn through a center of the opening ofthe first instrument and a center of the first instrument insulativeportion. The first instrument insulative portion may be configurable toprevent at least the first gear assembly from receiving an electriccurrent applied to the first instrument. The second instrument assemblymay include a second instrument and a second instrument insulativeportion. The second instrument may include a first elongated distal endfor performing a surgical action and a second proximal end. The secondproximal end of the second instrument may include an opening. The secondinstrument may be configurable to receive an electric current. Thesecond instrument may be configurable to perform an electrosurgicalaction when an electric current is applied to the second instrument. Thesecond instrument insulative portion may be provided in the opening ofthe second instrument. The second instrument insulative portion may beconfigurable to move the first elongated distal end of the secondinstrument relative to the first axis when a second gear assembly drivesthe second instrument insulative portion to rotate around the firstaxis. The second instrument insulative portion may be configurable toprevent at least the second gear assembly from receiving an electriccurrent applied to the second instrument. The arm assembly may besecurable to and unsecurable from the end effector assembly.

In another exemplary embodiment, a surgical system is described. Thesurgical system may include an end-effector assembly. The end-effectorassembly includes a first instrument assembly. The first instrumentassembly includes a first instrument and first instrument insulativeportion. The first instrument includes a first elongated distal end forperforming a surgical action and a second proximal end. The secondproximal end of the first instrument may include a first instrumentcontact portion. The first instrument may be configurable to receive anelectric current. The first instrument may be configurable to perform anelectrosurgical action when an electric current is applied to the firstinstrument. The first instrument insulative portion may include a firstcontact portion and second contact portion. The first contact portion ofthe first instrument insulative portion may be configured to mate withthe first instrument contact portion. The second contact portion of thefirst instrument insulative portion may be configured to mate with afirst gear assembly so as to enable the first gear assembly to drive,via the first and second contact portions, the first elongated distalend of the first instrument to rotate relative to a first axis. Thefirst axis may be an axis drawn through a center of the first instrumentcontact portion and a center of the first instrument insulative portion.The first instrument insulative portion may be configured to prevent atleast the first gear assembly from receiving an electric current appliedto the first instrument.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, exampleembodiments, and their advantages, reference is now made to thefollowing description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, in which like reference numbers indicate like features, and:

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a perspective view of an example embodimentof a surgical system;

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a perspective view of another exampleembodiment of a surgical system;

FIG. 3A is an illustration of a side view of an example embodiment of asurgical arm assembly;

FIG. 3B is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of an exampleembodiment of a surgical arm assembly;

FIG. 4A is an illustration of a side view of an example embodiment of asurgical arm assembly;

FIG. 4B is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of an exampleembodiment of a surgical arm assembly;

FIG. 5 is an illustration of a perspective view of an example embodimentof an end-effector assembly;

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of an exampleembodiment of an end-effector assembly;

FIG. 7 is an illustration of a perspective view of an example embodimentof a first or second instrument and a first or second instrumentinsulative portion;

FIG. 8A is an illustration of a perspective view of an exampleembodiment of an end-effector assembly in the form of a grasper;

FIG. 8B is an illustration of a perspective view of an exampleembodiment of an end-effector assembly in the form of scissors;

FIG. 8C is an illustration of a perspective view of an exampleembodiment of an end-effector assembly in the form of a grasper;

FIG. 9A is an illustration of a top view of an example embodiment of asurgical system; and

FIG. 9B is an illustration of a top view of another example embodimentof a surgical system.

Although similar reference numbers may be used to refer to similarelements in the figures for convenience, it can be appreciated that eachof the various example embodiments may be considered to be distinctvariations.

Example embodiments will now be described with reference to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part of the present disclosure, andwhich illustrate example embodiments which may be practiced. As used inthe present disclosure and the appended claims, the terms “exampleembodiment,” “exemplary embodiment,” and “present embodiment” do notnecessarily refer to a single embodiment, although they may, and variousexample embodiments may be readily combined and/or interchanged withoutdeparting from the scope or spirit of example embodiments. Furthermore,the terminology as used in the present disclosure and the appendedclaims is for the purpose of describing example embodiments only and isnot intended to be limitations. In this respect, as used in the presentdisclosure and the appended claims, the term “in” may include “in” and“on,” and the terms “a,” “an” and “the” may include singular and pluralreferences. Furthermore, as used in the present disclosure and theappended claims, the term “by” may also mean “from,” depending on thecontext. Furthermore, as used in the present disclosure and the appendedclaims, the term “if” may also mean “when” or “upon,” depending on thecontext. Furthermore, as used in the present disclosure and the appendedclaims, the words “and/or” may refer to and encompass any and allpossible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Despite recent developments in medical science and technology, problemscontinue to exist in modern surgical technology and methodology,including those pertaining to MIS and NOTES.

For example, a typical MIS procedure will generally require a surgeon toperform multiple incisions to a patient in order to enable the surgeonto insert, via such incisions, required laparoscopic instruments intothe body cavity of the patient. Furthermore, it is recognized hereinthat a significant technical challenge encountered when using surgicalrobotic systems pertains to the difficulty in establishing sufficientanchoring and/or reactive forces to react to and/or stabilize againstforces that need to be applied inside the body cavity of the patient bythe surgical robotic system during a surgical action. In this regard,the use of known systems to perform certain surgical actions may requiretremendous effort and time, and eventually may not be performed properlyor at all due to such insufficient anchoring and/or reactive forces.Furthermore, surgeons using known surgical systems often encounterproblems in respect to utilizing an instrument, such as a cutting and/orgripping instrument attached to the end of a surgical robotic arm, incertain parts, areas, and quadrants of a body cavity (such as anabdomen) of a patient after the system has been set up (or anchored) andready to perform surgery. That is, after the surgical robotic arm of thesystem has been inserted and properly set up in the abdominal cavity ofa patient, the surgical instrument attached to the end of the surgicalrobotic arm is typically mechanically limited to accessing only certainparts, areas, and quadrants of the abdominal cavity of the patient.

As another example, known surgical robotic systems typically onlyprovide for between one to two surgical robotic arms per access oropening (such as an incision or a natural orifice) of the patient. Inthis regard, when additional laparoscopic instruments, such as anothersurgical robotic arm, a suction tube, and/or a camera, are required tobe inserted into the abdominal cavity of the patient, one or moreadditional openings (incisions) are required to be performed on thepatient. For such incisions, surgical teams also often encounterdifficulties with properly inserting and removing surgical roboticsystems, such as surgical robotic arms, into and out of the body cavity.Specifically, since surgical robotic arms generally have at least onejoint and two arm segments, the insertion (and removal) of a surgicalrobotic arm into the body cavity oftentimes results in a portion of thesurgical robotic arm (such as the end connected to an instrument, suchas a cutting tool) coming into contact with and damaging patient tissue.This problem becomes compounded when a surgical procedure or systemattempts to employ more than one surgical robotic arm through a singleport.

Known surgical robotic systems also oftentimes face problems in respectto the heating up of one or more components during a surgical action,such as the heating up of laparoscopic optics (such as a camera),lighting elements, and other components. It is recognized in the presentdisclosure that increased temperature of such components may imposein-surgery and/or post-surgery damage or complications to patienttissues that come into contact with such components. Laparoscopic optics(such as a lens of a camera) and/or lighting elements in known surgicalsystems also tend to encounter contamination and/or partial or completeblockage during a surgical procedure due to fogging, tissue debris,liquids (such as blood), and/or other particles accumulated before,during, and/or after insertion of such components into the body cavity.In this regard, visibility within a body cavity via such laparoscopicoptics and lighting elements may become reduced, deteriorated, or evencompletely blocked as a result.

Recent technological developments have introduced solutions to theaforementioned problems. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/693,207 toYeung et al. (“US '207”), herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety, describes surgical robotic devices, systems, and methods forsolving the above-mentioned problems. For example, US '207 teaches asurgical system having a port assembly for use in providing sufficientanchoring and reactive forces to counter forces applied by a surgicalarm of the surgical system during a surgical action. The surgical systemof US '207 enables a surgeon to not only perform a single small incisionto the patient but also enable the surgeon to utilize one or a pluralityof laparoscopic instruments, including surgical robotic arms, suctiontubes, and/or camera arms, in an abdominal cavity of the patient throughsuch single small incision (via the port assembly). US '207 furtherteaches a surgical arm configurable to provide for 7 in vivo degrees offreedom, thereby enabling a surgical instrument attached to the surgicalarm to access all parts, areas, and quadrants of a body cavity. Thecombined design of the port assembly, surgical robotic arms, andattachment portions for attaching the surgical robotic arms to the portassembly further enable easy and controllable insertion and removal ofsurgical robotic arms so as to prevent unintended contact with anddamaging patient tissue.

In addition to the above-mentioned problems of known surgical systemsencountered during forward-directed surgical procedures (e.g., MISperformed in an abdominal cavity of a patient), known surgical systemgenerally encounter additional problems when deployed through a naturalorifice, such as a rectum or vagina, for performing natural orificetransluminal endoscopic surgery (or NOTES), such as trans-vaginalgynecological procedures in women and trans-rectal urological proceduresin men. For example, such known systems generally encounter problemspertaining to, among other things, the inability to access certainorgans, tissues, or other surgical sites upon insertion into the naturalorifice due as a result of the inherent forward-directed design of suchsystems.

Recent technological developments have introduced solutions to theaforementioned problems. For example, U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/044,889 to Yeung (“US '889”) and U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/044,895 to Yeung (“US '895”), both herein incorporated by referencein their entireties, describe a surgical system configurable for use inperforming forward-directed and/or reverse-directed surgical actions.

Surgical systems, devices, and methods, including those for use in MISand NOTES, are described in the present disclosure. It is to beunderstood in the present disclosure that the principles describedherein can be applied outside of the context of MIS and/or NOTES, suchas performing scientific experiments and/or procedures in environmentsthat are not readily accessible by humans, including in a vacuum, inouter space, and/or under toxic and/or dangerous conditions, withoutdeparting from the teachings of the present disclosure.

The Surgical System (e.g., Surgical System 100, 200)

FIG. 1 illustrates an example embodiment of a surgical device orsurgical system (e.g., surgical device or surgical system 100)configurable for use in performing, among other things, aforward-directed surgical procedure. The surgical system 100 may beconfigurable to be inserted into an abdominal cavity of a patient via asingle access or opening (e.g., a single incision (such as an incisionin or around the umbilical area) or via a natural orifice (such as arectum or vagina, for performing natural orifice transluminal endoscopicsurgery (or NOTES), hereinafter referred to as an “opening”) of thepatient. The surgical system 100 may be anchored so as to position thesurgical system 100 in the opening (e.g., a single incision) of thepatient. The surgical system 100 may comprise a port assembly 110 andsurgical arm assembly 130. The surgical system 100 may also compriseother laparoscopic elements, including, but not limited to, one or moreother surgical arm assemblies, one or more image capturing assemblies,one or more assistant arm assemblies, one or more suction tubes, etc.Although FIG. 1 illustrates surgical system 100 having one surgical armassembly 130 and one camera arm assembly 120, it is to be understood inthe present disclosure that example embodiments may include one or morelaparoscopic instruments including, but not limited to, one or moresurgical arm assemblies, one or more camera arm assemblies, one or moreassistant arm assemblies, and/or one or more suction tubes withoutdeparting from the teachings of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of another surgical device orsurgical system (e.g., surgical device or surgical system 200)configurable for use in performing, among other things, areverse-directed surgical procedure. The surgical system 200 may beconfigurable to be inserted into an opening of a patient. Although FIG.1 illustrates one surgical arm assembly and one camera arm assembly, itis to be understood in the present disclosure that example embodimentsmay include (or not include) one or more laparoscopic instruments,including one or more surgical arm assemblies, one or more camera armassemblies, one or more assistant arm assemblies, and/or one or moresuction tubes. The surgical system 200 may be anchored so as to positionthe surgical system 200 in the opening (e.g., a natural orifice) of thepatient. The surgical system 200 may comprise a port assembly 210 andsurgical arm assembly 230. The surgical system 200 may also compriseother laparoscopic elements, including, but not limited to, one or moreother surgical arm assemblies, one or more image capturing assemblies,one or more assistant arm assemblies (e.g., assistant arm assemblies250, 260), one or more suction tubes, etc. Although FIG. 2 illustratessurgical system 200 having one surgical arm assembly 230, one camera armassembly 220, and two assistant arm assemblies 250, 260, it is to beunderstood in the present disclosure that example embodiments mayinclude one or more laparoscopic instruments including, but not limitedto, one or more surgical arm assemblies, one or more camera armassemblies, one or more assistant arm assemblies, and/or one or moresuction tubes without departing from the teachings of the presentdisclosure.

The Surgical Arm Assembly (e.g., Surgical Arm Assembly 130)

In an example embodiment, the surgical device 100, 200 may comprise oneor more surgical arm assemblies, including a first surgical arm assembly(e.g., the surgical arm assembly 130, 230), second surgical arm assembly(not shown), third surgical arm assembly (not shown), fourth surgicalarm assembly (not shown), etc.). Each surgical arm assembly may beconfigurable to secure to and unsecure from the port assembly 210.

One or more of the surgical arm assemblies (e.g., surgical arm assembly130, 230) may comprise a configurable serial (or linear) arrangement ofa plurality of surgical arm segments, including arm assembly (e.g., armassembly 131, 231), joint portions, and at least one end-effectorassembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140, 240). For example, asillustrated in FIG. 3A and FIG. 4A and cross-section views illustratedin FIG. 3B and FIG. 4B, a surgical arm assembly (e.g., surgical armassembly 130, 230) may comprise an arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131,231) and an end-effector assembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140,240). One or more of the surgical arm assemblies (e.g., surgical armassembly 130, 230) may include integrated haptic and/or force feedbacksubsystems (not shown) configurable to provide to a haptic feedbackresponse to a user interface (e.g., a user interface for use by asurgeon or assistant), and such haptic feedback response may be firstprocessed by a controller (not shown). An example embodiment of suchuser interface (e.g., user interface 910) is illustrated in FIG. 9A andFIG. 9B. The one or more surgical arm assemblies (e.g., surgical armassembly 130, 230) may also be configurable to provide the controllerand/or user interface (e.g., user interface 910) with one or more of aplurality of feedback responses and/or measurements, including thosepertaining to position (including orientation), applied force,proximity, temperature, pressure, humidity, etc., of, by, and/or nearbyto the surgical arm assembly (e.g., surgical arm assembly 130, 230). Inaddition to the haptic feedback response, the controller may be furtherconfigurable to, among other things, translate, replicate, map, and/orsense the delicate movements of the operator using the user interface(e.g., user interface 910) into movements of the surgical arm assembly(e.g., surgical arm assembly 130, 230) with high precision, highdexterity, and minimum burden.

One or more of the surgical arm assemblies (e.g., surgical arm assembly130, 230) may also be configurable to receive an electric current (orvoltage potential, thermal energy, heat, cold temperature application,etc.) from an energy source (or other source, not shown). In exampleembodiments, such an energy source (or other source) may also beintegrated, in part or in whole, into one or more of the surgical armassemblies (e.g., surgical arm assembly 130, 230). The electricalcurrent (or voltage potential, thermal energy, heat, or cold temperatureapplication) from the energy source (or other source) may be selectivelyapplied to one or more elements of the end-effector assembly (e.g.,end-effector assembly 140, 240), and such selective application of theelectric current (or voltage potential, thermal energy, heat, coldtemperature application, etc.) may be configured and/or controlled bythe user interface (e.g., via the controller). For example, insituations wherein the end-effector assembly (e.g., end-effectorassembly 140, 240) includes a first instrument (e.g., first instrument142, 242) and a second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244), anoperator of the user interface (e.g., user interface 910) may configurethe user interface (e.g., user interface 910) to command (e.g., via thecontroller) the energy source (or other source) to apply the electriccurrent (or voltage potential, thermal energy, heat, cold temperatureapplication, etc.) to the first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142,242). It is recognized in the present disclosure that the application ofsuch electric current (or voltage potential, thermal energy, heat, coldtemperature application, etc.) to the first instrument (e.g., firstinstrument 142, 242) alone or in collective operation with secondinstrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) enables the end-effectorassembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140, 240) to perform the actionsof an electrosurgical instrument, or the like.

These and other elements and example embodiments of the surgical systemand surgical arm assembly (e.g., surgical arm assembly 130, 230) willnow be further described with reference to the accompanying figures.

Example Embodiment of a Surgical Arm Assembly

As illustrated in FIGS. 3A-B and 4A-B, an example embodiment of asurgical arm assembly (e.g., surgical arm assembly 130, 230) maycomprise an arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231) and anend-effector assembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140, 240).

Arm Assembly (e.g., Arm Assembly 131, 231)

In an example embodiment, the arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231)may be secured via a joint to another part of the surgical arm assembly(e.g., arm section 139 a, 239 a), as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. Suchother part of the surgical arm assembly (e.g., arm section 139 a, 239 a)may itself be connected to another part of the surgical arm assembly(e.g., shoulder section 139 b, 239 b), which may in turn be connected tothe port assembly (e.g., port assembly 110, 210).

The arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231) may include a firstinstrument drive portion (e.g., first instrument drive portion 132,232). The arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 132, 232) may further includea second instrument drive portion (e.g., second instrument drive portion134, 234). Although the figures illustrate an arm assembly having afirst instrument drive portion and a second instrument drive portion, itis to be understood in the present disclosure that the arm assembly mayhave more other instrument drive portions or may only have a firstinstrument drive portion or a second instrument drive portion withoutdeparting from the teachings of the present disclosure. The arm assembly(e.g., arm assembly 131, 231) may also include a wrist drive portion(e.g., wrist drive portion 136, 236). The arm assembly (e.g., armassembly 131, 231) may further include a wrist connector portion (e.g.,wrist connector portion 138, 238).

(i) First Instrument Drive Portion (e.g., First Instrument Drive Portion131, 231)

The first instrument drive portion (e.g., first instrument drive portion132, 232) may be any mechanism, device, or the like, configurable todrive (e.g., cause a movement of) the first instrument driven portion(e.g., first instrument driven portion 142 a, 242 a, as furtherdescribed below and in the present disclosure) of the end-effectorassembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140, 240). For example, the firstinstrument drive portion (e.g., first instrument drive portion 132, 232)may comprise any one or more configurations or combinations of gearsand/or gear assemblies, including straight gear configurations,planetary gear configurations, beveled gear configurations, spiralbeveled gear configurations, hypoid gear configurations, helical gearconfigurations, worm gear configurations, and/or any other gear and/ormechanical configurations (such as wire and pulley) without departingfrom the teachings of the present disclosure. Although the figuresillustrate an arm assembly having one first instrument drive portion, itis to be understood in the present disclosure that the arm assembly mayhave more than one first instrument drive portions (e.g., when theend-effector assembly includes more than one first instrument drivenportions) without departing from the teachings of the presentdisclosure.

(ii) Second Instrument Drive Portion (e.g., First Instrument DrivePortion 134, 234)

The second instrument drive portion (e.g., second instrument driveportion 134, 234) may be any mechanism, device, or the like,configurable to drive (e.g., cause a movement of) the second instrumentdriven portion (e.g., second instrument driven portion 144 a, 244 a, asfurther described below and in the present disclosure). For example, thesecond instrument drive portion (e.g., second instrument drive portion134, 234) may comprise any one or more configurations or combinations ofgears and/or gear assemblies, including straight gear configurations,planetary gear configurations, beveled gear configurations, spiralbeveled gear configurations, hypoid gear configurations, helical gearconfigurations, worm gear configurations, and/or any other gear and/ormechanical configurations (such as wire and pulley) without departingfrom the teachings of the present disclosure. Although the figuresillustrate an arm assembly having one second instrument drive portion,it is to be understood in the present disclosure that the arm assemblymay have more than one second instrument drive portions (e.g., when theend-effector assembly includes more than one second instrument drivenportions) without departing from the teachings of the presentdisclosure.

(iii) Wrist Drive Portion (e.g., Wrist Drive Portion 136, 236)

The wrist drive portion (e.g., wrist drive portion 136, 236) may be anymechanism, device, or the like, configurable to drive (e.g., cause amovement of) the wrist driven portion (e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a,246 a, as further described below and in the present disclosure). Forexample, the wrist drive portion (e.g., wrist drive portion 136, 236)may comprise any one or more configurations or combinations of gearsand/or gear assemblies, including straight gear configurations,planetary gear configurations, beveled gear configurations, spiralbeveled gear configurations, hypoid gear configurations, helical gearconfigurations, worm gear configurations, and/or any other gear and/ormechanical configurations (such as wire and pulley) without departingfrom the teachings of the present disclosure. Although the figuresillustrate an arm assembly having one wrist drive portion, it is to beunderstood in the present disclosure that the arm assembly may have morethan one wrist drive portions without departing from the teachings ofthe present disclosure.

In an example embodiment, the first instrument drive portion (e.g.,first instrument drive portion 132, 232) and the second instrument driveportion (e.g., second instrument drive portion 134, 234) may beselectively driven independently from one another. In exampleembodiments, the first instrument drive portion (e.g., first instrumentdrive portion 132, 232) and the second instrument drive portion (e.g.,second instrument drive portion 134, 234) may be selectively driven in asimilar or same manner, such as being driven at the same time, for thesame duration, and/or with the same output energy, torque, and/orrotations per minute (rpm).

The wrist connector portion (e.g., wrist connector portion 138, 238) maybe any connector portion for use in securing to and unsecuring from thewrist assembly (the wrist assembly comprising a wrist driven portion(e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a, 146 b), as further described belowand in the present disclosure). Put differently, the wrist connectorportion (e.g., wrist connector portion 138, 238) is configurable tosecure and unsecure the arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231) toand from the end-effector assembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140,240), respectively. Accordingly, the end-effector assembly (e.g.,end-effector assembly 140, 240) may be detached/unsecured from the armassembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231) when not needed andattached/secured to the arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231) whenneeded to perform a surgical action.

End-Effector Assembly (e.g., End-Effector Assembly 140, 240)

As illustrated in at least FIGS. 3-8, an example embodiment of theend-effector assembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140, 240) maycomprise a first instrument assembly. The end-effector assembly (e.g.,end-effector assembly 140, 240) may also comprise a second instrumentassembly. Although the figures illustrate an end-effector assemblyhaving a first instrument and a second instrument, it is to beunderstood in the present disclosure that the end-effector assembly mayhave more other instruments or may only have a first instrument or asecond instrument without departing from the teachings of the presentdisclosure. The end-effector assembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140,240) may also comprise wrist assembly.

(i) First Instrument Assembly

An example embodiment of the first instrument assembly may comprise afirst instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) for use in performinga surgical action. The first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142,242) may be any surgical instrument without departing from the teachingsof the present disclosure.

In an example embodiment, the first instrument (e.g., first instrument142, 242) may be configurable to receive an electric current (e.g.,first electric current) applied from a first energy source (not shown)so as to perform actions of an electrosurgical instrument. Although thefirst instrument may be described above and in the present disclosure toreceive an electric current, it is to be understood that the firstinstrument may also be configurable to receive a voltage potential,thermal energy, heat, cold temperature application, radiation, etc. toperform the said surgical action without departing from the teachings ofthe present disclosure.

The first instrument assembly may comprise a first instrument drivenportion (e.g., first instrument driven portion 142 a, 242 a). The firstinstrument driven portion (e.g., first instrument driven portion 142 a,242 a) may be configurable to be driven by the first instrument driveportion (e.g., first instrument drive portion 132, 232) of the armassembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231). The first instrument drivenportion (e.g., first instrument driven portion 142 a, 242 a) may bedriven by the first instrument drive portion (e.g., first instrumentdrive portion 132, 232) in such a way as to move the first instrument(e.g., first instrument 142, 242). For example, the first instrumentdriven portion (e.g., first instrument driven portion 142 a, 242 a) maybe driven to move the first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242)relative to a first axis (e.g., axis A, as illustrated in FIGS. 4-8). Inthis regard, such movement of the first instrument (e.g., firstinstrument 142, 242) may be a rotation of a distal end of the firstinstrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) relative to a proximal endof the first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242), and suchproximal end may serve as a pivot for such movement.

The first instrument driven portion (e.g., first instrument drivenportion 142 a, 242 a) may be any mechanism, device, or the like,configurable to be driven by the first instrument drive portion (e.g.,first instrument drive portion 132, 232). For example, the firstinstrument driven portion (e.g., first instrument driven portion 142 a,242 a) may comprise any one or more configurations or combinations ofgears and/or gear assemblies, including straight gear configurations,planetary gear configurations, beveled gear configurations, spiralbeveled gear configurations, hypoid gear configurations, helical gearconfigurations, worm gear configurations, and/or any other gear and/ormechanical configurations (such as wire and pulley) without departingfrom the teachings of the present disclosure. Although the figuresillustrate an end-effector assembly having one first instrument drivenportion, it is to be understood in the present disclosure that theend-effector assembly may have more than one first instrument drivenportions without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.

In example embodiments wherein the end-effector assembly (e.g.,end-effector assembly 140, 240) is detachable (i.e., unsecurable) fromthe arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231), it is to be understoodthat the first instrument drive portion (e.g., first instrument driveportion 132, 232) of the arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231) maybe operable to drive the first instrument driven portion (e.g., firstinstrument driven portion 142 a, 242 a) when the end-effector assembly(e.g., end-effector assembly 140, 240) is secured (i.e., attached) tothe arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231). Specifically, the firstinstrument drive portion (e.g., first instrument drive portion 132, 232)of the arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231) may be operable todrive the first instrument driven portion (e.g., first instrument drivenportion 142 a, 242 a) when the wrist connector portion (e.g., wristconnector portion 136, 236) is secured (i.e., attached) to the wristassembly (as further described below and in the present disclosure) ofthe end-effector assembly (and more specifically, the connector (e.g.,connector 148, 248) of the end-effector assembly (e.g., end-effectorassembly 140, 240)).

In example embodiments wherein the end-effector assembly (e.g.,end-effector assembly 140, 240) is detachable (i.e., unsecurable) fromthe arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231), it is to be understoodthat one or more connectable and unconnectable electric wires, cables,or the like, may be provided to enable the first instrument (e.g., firstinstrument 142, 242) to receive the electric current from the energysource to perform the actions of an electrosurgical instrument.

The first instrument assembly may comprise a first instrument insulativeportion (e.g., first instrument insulative portion 142 b, 242 b). Thefirst instrument insulative portion (e.g., first instrument insulativeportion 142 b, 242 b) may be providable between the first instrument(e.g., first instrument 142, 242) and one or more portions of theend-effector assembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140, 240) so as toelectrically isolate (or electrically insulate, thermally isolate,thermally insulate, and the like) the first instrument (e.g., firstinstrument 142, 242) from the one or more portions of the end-effectorassembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140, 240). In an exampleembodiment, the first instrument insulative portion (e.g., firstinstrument insulative portion 142 b, 242 b) may be providable betweenthe first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) and the firstinstrument driven portion (e.g., first instrument driven portion 142 a,242 a) so as to electrically isolate (or electrically insulate,thermally isolate, thermally insulate, and the like) the firstinstrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) from the first instrumentdriven portion (e.g., first instrument driven portion 142 a, 242 a).Such electric isolation (or electric insulation, thermal isolation,thermal insulation, and the like) may be desirable to protectelectrically (or thermally) sensitive components/portions of thesurgical arm assembly and/or also prevent such electric current (orvoltage potential, thermal energy, heat, cold temperature application,radiation, etc.) from undesirably passing through to the secondinstrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) via the first instrumentdriven portion (e.g., first instrument driven portion 142 a, 242 a)and/or other component/portion of the surgical arm assembly.

The first instrument insulative portion (e.g., first instrumentinsulative portion 142 b, 242 b) may be formed using any one or more ofa plurality of materials, such as electrically insulative materials,thermally insulative materials, plastics, elastomers, ceramics, glassesand minerals. It is to be understood in the present disclosure thatother materials may also be used without departing from the teachings ofthe present disclosure.

The first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) may be formedusing any one or more of a plurality of materials, such assurgical-grade metals, high-strength aluminum alloys, stainless steel(such as 304/304L, 316/316L, and 420), pure titanium, titanium alloys(such as Ti6Al4V, NiTi), cobalt-chromium alloys, and magnesium alloys.It is to be understood in the present disclosure that other materialsmay also be used without departing from the teachings of the presentdisclosure. Furthermore, the first instrument (e.g., first instrument142, 242) may include an opening, or the like, for use in receiving andhousing at least a portion of the first instrument insulative portion(e.g., first instrument insulative portion 142 b, 242 b). The first axis(e.g., axis A) may be formed through a center of the opening of thefirst instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) in exampleembodiments. Although the opening may be depicted in the figures to becircular in shape and the corresponding exterior portion of the firstinstrument insulative portion (e.g., first instrument insulative portion142 b, 242 b) being housed in the opening may be depicted in the figuresto be circular in shape, it is to be understood in the presentdisclosure that the opening and such corresponding exterior portion maybe formed in one or more other shapes, including, but not limited to, asquare, rectangle, oval, pentagon, hexagon, etc., without departing fromthe teachings of the present disclosure.

(ii) Second Instrument Assembly

An example embodiment of the second instrument assembly may comprise asecond instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) for use inperforming a surgical action. The second instrument (e.g., secondinstrument 144, 244) may be any surgical instrument without departingfrom the teachings of the present disclosure.

In an example embodiment, the second instrument (e.g., second instrument144, 244) may be configurable to receive an electric current (e.g.,second electric current) applied from a second energy source (not shown)so as to perform actions of an electrosurgical instrument. Although thesecond instrument may be described above and in the present disclosureto receive an electric current, it is to be understood that the secondinstrument may also be configurable to receive a voltage potential,thermal energy, heat, cold temperature application, radiation, etc. toperform the said surgical action without departing from the teachings ofthe present disclosure.

The second instrument assembly may comprise a second instrument drivenportion (e.g., second instrument driven portion 144 a, 244 a). Thesecond instrument driven portion (e.g., second instrument driven portion144 a, 244 a) may be configurable to be driven by the second instrumentdrive portion (e.g., second instrument drive portion 134, 234) of thearm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231). The second instrument drivenportion (e.g., second instrument driven portion 144 a, 244 a) may bedriven by the second instrument drive portion (e.g., second instrumentdrive portion 134 234) in such a way as to move the second instrument(e.g., second instrument 144, 244). For example, the second instrumentdriven portion (e.g., second instrument driven portion 144 a, 244 a) maybe driven to move the second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144,244) relative to the first axis (e.g., axis A, as illustrated in FIGS.4-8). In this regard, such movement of the second instrument (e.g.,second instrument 144, 244) may be a rotation of a distal end of thesecond instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) relative to aproximal end of the second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144,244), and such proximal end may serve as a pivot for such movement.

The second instrument driven portion (e.g., second instrument drivenportion 144 a, 244 a) may be any mechanism, device, or the like,configurable to be driven by the second instrument drive portion (e.g.,second instrument drive portion 134, 234). For example, the secondinstrument driven portion (e.g., second instrument driven portion 144 a,244 a) may comprise any one or more configurations or combinations ofgears and/or gear assemblies, including straight gear configurations,planetary gear configurations, beveled gear configurations, spiralbeveled gear configurations, hypoid gear configurations, helical gearconfigurations, worm gear configurations, and/or any other gear and/ormechanical configurations (such as wire and pulley) without departingfrom the teachings of the present disclosure. Although the figuresillustrate an end-effector assembly having one second instrument drivenportion, it is to be understood in the present disclosure that theend-effector assembly may have more than one second instrument drivenportions without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.

In example embodiments wherein the end-effector assembly (e.g.,end-effector assembly 140, 240) is detachable (i.e., unsecurable) fromthe arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231), it is to be understoodthat the second instrument drive portion (e.g., second instrument driveportion 134, 234) of the arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231) maybe operable to drive the second instrument driven portion (e.g., secondinstrument driven portion 144 a, 244 a) when the end-effector assembly(e.g., end-effector assembly 140, 240) is secured (i.e., attached) tothe arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231). Specifically, the secondinstrument drive portion (e.g., second instrument drive portion 134,234) of the arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231) may be operableto drive the second instrument driven portion (e.g., second instrumentdriven portion 144 a, 244 a) when the wrist connector portion (e.g.,wrist connector portion 136, 236) is secured (i.e., attached) to thewrist assembly (as further described below and in the presentdisclosure) of the end-effector assembly (and more specifically, theconnector (e.g., connector 148, 248) of the end-effector assembly (e.g.,end-effector assembly 140, 240)).

In example embodiments wherein the end-effector assembly (e.g.,end-effector assembly 140, 240) is detachable (i.e., unsecurable) fromthe arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131, 231), it is to be understoodthat one or more connectable and unconnectable electric wires, cables,or the like, may be provided to enable the second instrument (e.g.,second instrument 144, 244) to receive the electric current from theenergy source to perform the actions of an electrosurgical instrument.

The second instrument assembly may comprise a second instrumentinsulative portion (e.g., second instrument insulative portion 144 b,244 b). The second instrument insulative portion (e.g., secondinstrument insulative portion 144 b, 244 b) may be providable betweenthe second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) and one or moreportions of the end-effector assembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140,240) so as to electrically isolate (or electrically insulate, thermallyisolate, thermally insulate, and the like) the second instrument (e.g.,second instrument 144, 244) from the one or more portions of theend-effector assembly (e.g., end-effector assembly 140, 240). In anexample embodiment, the second instrument insulative portion (e.g.,second instrument insulative portion 144 b, 244 b) may be providablebetween the second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) and thesecond instrument driven portion (e.g., second instrument driven portion144 a, 244 a) so as to electrically isolate (or electrically insulate,thermally isolate, thermally insulate, and the like) the secondinstrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) from the second instrumentdriven portion (e.g., second instrument driven portion 144 a, 244 a).Such electric isolation (or electric insulation, thermal isolation,thermal insulation, and the like) may be desirable to protectelectrically (or thermally) sensitive components/portions of thesurgical arm assembly and/or also prevent such electric current (orvoltage potential, thermal energy, heat, cold temperature application,radiation, etc.) from undesirably passing through to the firstinstrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) via the second instrumentdriven portion (e.g., second instrument driven portion 144 a, 244 a)and/or other component/portion of the surgical arm assembly.

The second instrument insulative portion (e.g., second instrumentinsulative portion 144 b, 244 b) may be formed using any one or more ofa plurality of materials, such as electrically insulative materials,thermally insulative materials, plastics, elastomers, ceramics, glassesand minerals. It is to be understood in the present disclosure thatother materials may also be used without departing from the teachings ofthe present disclosure.

The second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) may be formedusing any one or more of a plurality of materials, such assurgical-grade metals, high-strength aluminum alloys, stainless steel(such as 304/304L, 316/316L, and 420), pure titanium, titanium alloys(such as Ti6Al4V, NiTi), cobalt-chromium alloys, and magnesium alloys.It is to be understood in the present disclosure that other materialsmay also be used without departing from the teachings of the presentdisclosure. Furthermore, the second instrument (e.g., second instrument144, 244) may include an opening, or the like, for use in receiving andhousing at least a portion of the second instrument insulative portion(e.g., second instrument insulative portion 144 b, 244 b, as illustratedin at least FIGS. 5-8). The first axis (e.g., axis A) may be formedthrough a center of the opening of the second instrument (e.g., secondinstrument 144, 244) in example embodiments. Although the opening may bedepicted in the figures to be circular in shape and the correspondingexterior portion of the second instrument insulative portion (e.g.,second instrument insulative portion 144 b, 244 b) being housed in theopening may be depicted in the figures to be circular in shape, it is tobe understood in the present disclosure that the opening and suchcorresponding exterior portion may be formed in one or more othershapes, including, but not limited to, a square, rectangle, oval,pentagon, hexagon, etc., without departing from the teachings of thepresent disclosure.

(iii) Cooperation of the First Instrument Assembly and Second InstrumentAssembly

In example embodiments, the first instrument (e.g., first instrument142, 242) and second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) maybe selectively moveable/drivable independently from one another. Inexample embodiments, the first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142,242) and the second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) may beselectively moveable/drivable in a similar or same manner, such as beingmoveable/driveable at the same time, for the same duration, for the samedistance, and/or with the same output energy. Although the figuresillustrate end-effector assembly having a first instrument and a secondinstrument, it is to be understood in the present disclosure that theend-effector assembly may have more other instruments or may only have afirst instrument or a second instrument without departing from theteachings of the present disclosure. For example, the first instrument(e.g., first instrument 142, 242) and the second instrument (e.g.,instrument 144, 242) may cooperate to form a grasper, as illustrated inFIG. 8A. As another example, the first instrument (e.g., firstinstrument 142, 242) and the second instrument (e.g., instrument 144,242) may cooperate to form scissors, as illustrated in FIG. 8B. Asanother example, the first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242)and the second instrument (e.g., instrument 144, 242) may cooperate toform a Maryland grasper, as illustrated in FIG. 8C. Other forms andtypes of first instruments and/or second instruments are contemplated inthe present disclosure in addition to or in replacement of the firstinstrument and/or second instrument described above and herein withoutdeparting from the teachings of the present disclosure.

For example, as described above, the first instrument (e.g., firstinstrument 142, 242) may be configurable to receive an electric current(e.g., first electric current) applied from a first energy source (notshown) so as to perform actions of an electrosurgical instrument. Inaddition to or in replacement, the second instrument (e.g., secondinstrument 144, 244) may be configurable to receive an electric current(e.g., second electric current) applied from a second energy source (notshown). The first current may be the same in magnitude as but oppositein direction to the second current in example embodiments, and the firstenergy source may be the same as or different from the second energysource in example embodiments. In such embodiments where the firstinstrument and second instrument collectively cooperate to form amonopolar electrosurgical instrument, or the like, when a mass (e.g., atissue mass) is provided between the first instrument (e.g., firstinstrument 142, 242) and second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144,244) and an electric current is applied to the first instrument (e.g.,first instrument 142, 242) or the second instrument (e.g., secondinstrument 144, 244), the mass will serve to enable the applied electriccurrent to pass through and aid in cutting, coagulating, desiccating,and/or fulgurating the mass. Similarly, in embodiments where the firstinstrument and second instrument collectively cooperate to form abipolar electrosurgical instrument, or the like, when a mass (e.g., atissue mass) is provided between the first instrument (e.g., firstinstrument 142, 242) and second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144,244) and an electric current is applied to the first instrument (e.g.,first instrument 142, 242) and the second instrument (e.g., secondinstrument 144, 244), the mass will serve to enable the applied electriccurrent to pass through and aid in performing a surgical action,including cutting, coagulating, desiccating, cauterizing, and/orfulgurating the mass. Although the first instrument and/or secondinstrument may be described above and in the present disclosure toreceive an electric current, it is to be understood that the firstinstrument and/or second instrument may also be configurable to receivea voltage potential, thermal energy, heat, cold temperature application,radiation, etc. to perform the said surgical action without departingfrom the teachings of the present disclosure.

(iv) Wrist Assembly

The wrist assembly may be securable or secured to the first instrumentassembly in example embodiments. The wrist assembly may comprise a wristdriven portion (e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a, 246 a). The wristassembly may further comprise a connector (e.g., connector 148, 248).

The wrist driven portion (e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a, 246 a) maybe configurable to be driven by the wrist drive portion (e.g., wristdrive portion 136, 146) of the arm assembly (e.g., arm assembly 131,231). The wrist driven portion (e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a, 246 a,as illustrated in at least FIGS. 3A, 4A, 5, 6, and 8A-C) may be drivenby the wrist drive portion (e.g., wrist drive portion 136, 236) in sucha way as to move the first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242).For example, the wrist driven portion (e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a,246 a) may be driven to move the first instrument (e.g., firstinstrument 142, 242) relative to a second axis (e.g., axis B, asillustrated in FIGS. 4-8). In this regard, such movement of the firstinstrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) may be a rotation of adistal end of the first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242)relative to a point on the second axis (e.g., axis B), and such pointmay serve as a pivot for such movement. In addition to or inreplacement, the wrist driven portion (e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a,246 a) may be driven by the wrist drive portion (e.g., wrist driveportion 136, 236) in such a way as to move the second instrument (e.g.,second instrument 144, 244). For example, the wrist driven portion(e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a, 246 a) may be driven to move thesecond instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) relative to thesecond axis (e.g., axis B, as illustrated in FIGS. 4-8). In this regard,such movement of the second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144,244) may be a rotation of a distal end of the second instrument (e.g.,second instrument 144, 244) relative to a point on the second axis(e.g., axis B), and such point may serve as a pivot for such movement.In example embodiments, the wrist driven portion (e.g., wrist drivenportion 146 a, 246 a) may be driven by the wrist drive portion (e.g.,wrist drive portion 136, 236) in such a way as to collectively move thefirst instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) and the secondinstrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244). For example, the wristdriven portion (e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a, 246 a) may be drivento collectively move the first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142,242) and the second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244)relative to the second axis (e.g., axis B, as illustrated in FIGS. 4-8).In this regard, such movement of the first instrument (e.g., firstinstrument 142, 242) and the second instrument (e.g., second instrument144, 244) may be a collective rotation of a distal end of the firstinstrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) and distal end of thesecond instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) relative to a pointon the second axis (e.g., axis B), and such point may serve as a pivotfor such movement.

The wrist driven portion (e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a, 246 a) maybe any mechanism, device, or the like, configurable to be driven by thewrist drive portion (e.g., wrist drive portion 136, 236). For example,the wrist driven portion (e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a, 246 a) maycomprise any one or more configurations or combinations of gears and/orgear assemblies, including straight gear configurations, planetary gearconfigurations, beveled gear configurations, spiral beveled gearconfigurations, hypoid gear configurations, helical gear configurations,worm gear configurations, and/or any other gear and/or mechanicalconfigurations (such as wire and pulley) without departing from theteachings of the present disclosure. Although the figures illustrate anend-effector assembly having one wrist driven portion, it is to beunderstood in the present disclosure that the end-effector assembly mayhave more than one wrist driven portions without departing from theteachings of the present disclosure.

Controller

In example embodiments, the surgical system 100, 200 may include acontroller (or computing device, manipulator, and/or master inputdevice). The controller may include one or more processors. Thecontroller may be configurable to perform one or more of a plurality ofoperations in, on, and/or to the surgical system 100, 200. For example,the controller may be configurable to communicate with and/or controlone or more elements of the surgical system 100, 200, such as thesurgical arm assembly (e.g., surgical arm assembly 130, 230), the imagecapturing assembly 120, 220, etc. The controller may be accessibleand/or controllable by the surgical team (e.g., via a user interface),and the surgical team may be able to communicate with and/or control theconfiguring and/or operation of the one or more elements of the surgicalsystem 100, 200. For example, the controller may be configurable tocontrol a movement and action of some or all parts of the surgical armassembly (e.g., surgical arm assembly 130, 230). The controller may beconfigurable to receive, from the user interface (e.g. user interface910), user interaction information (e.g., performed by the surgicalteam) representative of user interactions performed on the userinterface (e.g., user interface 910). The controller may be furtherconfigurable to process the received user interaction information. Thecontroller may be further configurable to transmit, based on theprocessing, one or more commands to the surgical arm assembly (e.g.,surgical arm assembly 130, 230). The one or more commands transmittedmay include commanding the first instrument drive portion (e.g., firstinstrument drive portion 132, 232) to drive the first instrument drivenportion (e.g., first instrument driven portion 142 a, 242 a) in such away as to cause a movement of the first instrument (e.g., firstinstrument 142, 242) in a first direction relative to a first axis(e.g., axis A). The one or more commands transmitted may also includecommanding the wrist drive portion (e.g., wrist drive portion 136, 236)to drive the wrist driven portion (e.g., wrist driven portion 146 a, 246a) in such a way as to cause a movement of the first instrument (e.g.,first instrument 142, 242) in a second direction relative to a secondaxis (e.g., axis B). The second axis (e.g., axis B) may be differentfrom the first axis (e.g., axis A).

In an example embodiment, the controller may be configurable to detect aresistance in a movement of at least a part of the end-effector assembly(e.g., end-effector assembly 140, 240) and communicate a haptic feedbackresponse to the user interface (e.g., user interface 910).

The controller may also be configurable to receive one or more of aplurality of responses, feedback, actions, and/or measurements from oneor more elements of the surgical system 100, 200 including, but notlimited to, movements of one or more elements of the surgical system100, 200, haptic feedback responses, and responses and/or measurementspertaining to position (including orientation), applied force,proximity, temperature, pressure, humidity, etc., of, by, and/or nearbyto the surgical arm assembly (e.g., surgical arm assembly 130, 230).

In an example embodiment, the controller may be configurable to receive,from the user interface (e.g., user interface 910), user interactions(e.g., by the surgical team) performed on the user interface (e.g., userinterface 910) representative of commanding an energy source (not shown)to apply an electric current (e.g., a first electric current) to thefirst instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242). In doing so, suchelectric current (e.g., first electric current) enables the firstinstrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) to perform the actions ofan electrosurgical instrument. In example embodiments, when thecontroller receives, from the user interface (e.g., user interface 910),the user interactions performed on the user interface (e.g., userinterface 910) representative of commanding the energy source to apply(or not apply) the electric current (e.g., first electric current) tothe first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242) to perform (ornot perform) the actions of an electrosurgical instrument, thecontroller may be configurable to transmit a command to the energysource to apply (or not apply) the electric current to the firstinstrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242). Furthermore, thecontroller may be configurable to apply (or not apply) an electriccurrent to the second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244) in asimilar or same manner as the first instrument (e.g., first instrument142, 242).

In an example embodiment, when the controller detects a resistance in amovement of at least a part of the end-effector assembly (e.g.,end-effector assembly 140, 240), the controller may be configurable todetermine the part of the end-effector assembly (e.g., end-effectorassembly 140, 240) encountering the resistance. Furthermore, thecontroller may be configurable to provide a haptic feedback response tothe user interface (e.g., user interface 910) based on such determining.

In example embodiments, the controller may be separate from the userinterface (e.g., user interface 910). Alternatively, the controller mayinclude a part or all of the user interface (e.g., user interface 910),or may communicate with a processor of the user interface (e.g., userinterface 910).

User Interface (e.g., User Interface 910)

In example embodiments, the surgical system 100, 200 may include a userinterface (e.g., user interface 910). The user interface (e.g., userinterface 910) may be configurable for use by one or more operators(e.g., one or more members of the surgical team). The user interface(e.g., user interface 910) may be configurable to receive one or more ofa plurality of user interactions from the one or more operators andcommand one or more elements of the surgical system 100, 200 to performan action or prevent from performing an action. Such receiving may bevia the controller and/or directly from the one or more elements of thesurgical system 100, 200. For example, the user interface (e.g., userinterface 910) may be configurable to control (e.g., via the controller)a movement of one or more parts of the surgical system 100, 200, such asthe first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142, 242), secondinstrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244), and other parts of thesurgical arm assembly (e.g., surgical arm assembly 130, 230). The userinterface (e.g., user interface 910) may also be configurable to (e.g.,via the controller) enable the surgical arm assembly (e.g., surgical armassembly 130, 230) to perform and/or disable the surgical arm assembly(e.g., surgical arm assembly 130, 230) from performing actions of anelectrosurgical instrument. For example, the user interface (e.g., userinterface 910) may be configurable to (e.g., via the controller) apply,control/regulate the applying of, and/or prevent the applying of anelectric current (e.g., the first electric current and/or secondelectric current) to the first instrument (e.g., first instrument 142,242) and/or second instrument (e.g., second instrument 144, 244).

The user interface (e.g., user interface 910) may also be configurableto receive one or more of a plurality of responses, feedback, actions,and/or measurements from one or more elements of the surgical system100, 200 and/or the controller including, but not limited to, movementsof one or more elements of the surgical system 100, 200, haptic feedbackresponses, and responses and/or measurements pertaining to position(including orientation), applied force, proximity, temperature,pressure, humidity, etc., of, by, and/or nearby to the surgical armassembly (e.g., surgical arm assembly 130, 230).

In example embodiments, the user interface (e.g., user interface 910)may be separate from the controller. Alternatively, the user interface(e.g., user interface 910) may include a part or all of the controller,or may include a processor in communication with the controller.

In example embodiments, the surgical system 100, 200 may include amemory (not shown) in communication with the controller and/or userinterface (e.g., user interface 910). The memory may be for use instoring information received from, processed by, and/or communicatedto/from the controller and/or user interface (e.g., user interface 910).

The user interface (e.g., user interface 910) may also include one ormore graphical interfaces (such as a monitor, projection system, etc.)for use in displaying video and/or audio content captured by an elementof the surgical system 100, 200 (such as a camera arm assembly 120). Theone or more graphical interfaces may also be for use in displaying someor all responses, feedback, actions, and/or measurements received fromone or more elements of the surgical system 100, 200 and/or thecontroller including, but not limited to, movements of one or moreelements of the surgical system 100, 200, haptic feedback responses, andresponses and/or measurements pertaining to position (includingorientation), applied force, proximity, temperature, pressure, humidity,etc., of, by, and/or nearby to the surgical arm assembly (e.g., surgicalarm assembly 130, 230).

While various embodiments in accordance with the disclosed principleshave been described above, it should be understood that they have beenpresented by way of example only, and are not limiting. Thus, thebreadth and scope of the example embodiments described in the presentdisclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplaryembodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the claimsand their equivalents issuing from this disclosure. Furthermore, theabove advantages and features are provided in described embodiments, butshall not limit the application of such issued claims to processes andstructures accomplishing any or all of the above advantages.

For example, “assembly,” “device,” “portion,” “segment,” “member,”“body,” or other similar terms should generally be construed broadly toinclude one part or more than one part attached or connected together.

Various terms used herein have special meanings within the presenttechnical field. Whether a particular term should be construed as such a“term of art” depends on the context in which that term is used.“Connected,” “connecting,” “attached,” “attaching,” “anchored,”“anchoring,” “in communication with,” “communicating with,” “associatedwith,” “associating with,” or other similar terms should generally beconstrued broadly to include situations where attachments, connections,and anchoring are direct between referenced elements or through one ormore intermediaries between the referenced elements. These and otherterms are to be construed in light of the context in which they are usedin the present disclosure and as one of ordinary skill in the art wouldunderstand those terms in the disclosed context. The above definitionsare not exclusive of other meanings that might be imparted to thoseterms based on the disclosed context.

As referred to in the present disclosure, a computing device,controller, manipulator, master input device, a processor, and/or asystem may be a virtual machine, computer, node, instance, host, and/ordevice in a networked or non-networked computing environment. Anetworked computing environment may be a collection of devices connectedby communication channels that facilitate communications between devicesand allow devices to share resources. Also as referred to in the presentdisclosure, a computing device may be a device deployed to execute aprogram operating as a socket listener and may include softwareinstances.

Resources may encompass any type of resource for running instancesincluding hardware (such as servers, clients, mainframe computers,networks, network storage, data sources, memory, central processing unittime, scientific instruments, and other computing devices), as well assoftware, software licenses, available network services, and othernon-hardware resources, or a combination thereof.

A networked computing environment may include, but is not limited to,computing grid systems, distributed computing environments, cloudcomputing environment, etc. Such networked computing environmentsinclude hardware and software infrastructures configured to form avirtual organization comprised of multiple resources that may be ingeographically disperse locations.

Furthermore, the coverage of the present application and any patentsissuing from the present application may extend to one or morecommunications protocols, including TCP/IP.

Words of comparison, measurement, and timing such as “at the time,”“equivalent,” “during,” “complete,” and the like should be understood tomean “substantially at the time,” “substantially equivalent,”“substantially during,” “substantially complete,” etc., where“substantially” means that such comparisons, measurements, and timingsare practicable to accomplish the implicitly or expressly stated desiredresult.

Additionally, the section headings herein are provided for consistencywith the suggestions under 37 C.F.R. 1.77 or otherwise to provideorganizational cues. These headings shall not limit or characterize theinvention(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure.Specifically, a description of a technology in the “Background” is notto be construed as an admission that technology is prior art to anyinvention(s) in this disclosure. Furthermore, any reference in thisdisclosure to “invention” in the singular should not be used to arguethat there is only a single point of novelty in this disclosure.Multiple inventions may be set forth according to the limitations of themultiple claims issuing from this disclosure, and such claimsaccordingly define the invention(s), and their equivalents, that areprotected thereby. In all instances, the scope of such claims shall beconsidered on their own merits in light of this disclosure, but shouldnot be constrained by the headings herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A surgical arm assembly insertable into a cavityof a patient, the surgical arm assembly for use in performing an in vivosurgical action and comprising: an end-effector assembly, theend-effector assembly having: a first instrument assembly having: afirst instrument, the first instrument having a first elongated distalend for performing a surgical action, a second proximal end, and adisconnectable electric cable connected to the first instrument, thesecond proximal end of the first instrument having a first instrumentcontact portion, the first elongated distal end of the first instrumentconfigurable to receive an electric current from an energy source viathe disconnectable electric cable to perform an electrosurgical actionwhen the disconnectable electric cable is configured to be connected tothe energy source, the first elongated distal end of the firstinstrument configurable to not receive an electric current from theenergy source via the disconnectable electric cable when thedisconnectable electric cable is configured to be disconnected from theenergy source; a first instrument driven portion configurable to bedriven in such a way as to move the first instrument relative to a firstaxis; and a first instrument insulative portion providable between thefirst instrument and the first instrument driven portion, the firstinstrument insulative portion configurable to prevent at least the firstinstrument driven portion from receiving an electric current applied tothe first instrument when the first instrument insulative portion isprovided between the first instrument and the first instrument drivenportion, the first instrument insulative portion including: a firstcontact portion, the first contact portion of the first instrumentinsulative portion configured to contact with the first instrumentcontact portion; and a second contact portion, the second contactportion of the first instrument insulative portion configured to contactwith the first instrument driven portion, the first instrument drivenportion configured to move, via the first and second contact portions,the first elongated distal end of the first instrument relative to thefirst axis, wherein the first instrument insulative portion is providedbetween the first instrument and the first instrument driven portion insuch a way that the first axis corresponds to a center axis of the firstinstrument insulative portion; and an arm assembly securable to andunsecurable from the end-effector assembly, wherein the unsecuring ofthe end-effector assembly from the arm assembly includes configuring thedisconnectable electric cable to be disconnected from the energy source.2. The surgical arm assembly of claim 1, wherein the end-effectorassembly further comprises a wrist assembly securable to the firstinstrument assembly, the wrist assembly having a wrist driven portionconfigurable to be driven in such a way as to move the first instrumentrelative to a second axis, the second axis being different from thefirst axis.
 3. The surgical arm assembly of claim 2, further comprisingan arm assembly secured to the wrist assembly, the arm assembly having:a first instrument drive portion configurable to perform the driving ofthe first instrument driven portion; and a wrist drive portionconfigurable to perform the driving of the wrist driven portion.
 4. Thesurgical arm assembly of claim 3, wherein the surgical arm assemblyfurther comprises a second instrument assembly having: a secondinstrument, the second instrument configurable to receive an electriccurrent, the second instrument configurable to perform anelectrosurgical action when an electric current is applied to the secondinstrument; a second instrument driven portion configurable to be drivenin such a way as to move the second instrument relative to the firstaxis; and a second instrument insulative portion providable between thesecond instrument and the second instrument driven portion, the secondinstrument insulative portion configurable to prevent at least thesecond instrument driven portion from receiving an electric currentapplied to the second instrument when the second instrument insulativeportion is provided between the second instrument and the secondinstrument driven portion; wherein the wrist driven portion isconfigurable to be driven by the wrist drive portion in such a way as tomove the second instrument relative to the second axis; and wherein thearm assembly further comprises a second instrument drive portionconfigurable to perform the driving of the second instrument drivenportion.
 5. The surgical arm assembly of claim 4, wherein the firstinstrument and the second instrument are configurable to moveindependently from one another relative to the first axis.
 6. Thesurgical arm assembly of claim 4, wherein the wrist driven portion isconfigurable to collectively move the first instrument and the secondinstrument relative to the second axis.
 7. The surgical arm assembly ofclaim 2, wherein the first axis and the second axis are orthogonal toone another.
 8. The surgical arm assembly of claim 4, wherein the firstinstrument comprises an opening, the opening of the first instrumentoperable to house at least a portion of the first instrument insulativeportion; wherein the second instrument comprises an opening, the openingof the second instrument operable to house at least a portion of thesecond instrument insulative portion; and wherein the first axis isformed through a center of the openings of the first instrument and thesecond instrument.
 9. The surgical arm assembly of claim 4, wherein themovement of the first instrument relative to the first axis includes arotation of the first instrument relative to the first axis; wherein themovement of the second instrument relative to the first axis includes arotation of the second instrument relative to the first axis; andwherein the movement of the first instrument and the second instrumentrelative to the second axis is a collective rotation of the firstinstrument and the second instrument relative to the second axis. 10.The surgical arm assembly of claim 4, wherein the first instrument isconfigurable to further receive a first electric current applied from anenergy source so as to perform the actions of an electrosurgicalinstrument; wherein when the first instrument receives the firstelectric current, the first instrument insulative portion isconfigurable to electrically isolate the first electric current receivedby the first instrument from passing through the end-effector assemblyto the second instrument.
 11. The surgical arm assembly of claim 4,wherein the surgical arm assembly is in communication with a userinterface; wherein the surgical arm assembly is configurable to providea haptic feedback response to the user interface when one or more of thefollowing occur: a movement of the first instrument and/or a movement ofthe second instrument encounter a resistance; a driving of the firstinstrument by the first instrument driven portion and/or a driving ofthe second instrument by the second instrument driven portion encountera resistance; a driving of the first instrument driven portion by thefirst instrument drive portion and/or a driving of the second instrumentdriven portion by the second instrument drive portion encounter aresistance; a driving of the first instrument by the wrist drive portionand/or a driving of the second instrument by the wrist drive portionencounter a resistance; and/or a driving of the wrist driven portion bythe wrist drive portion encounter a resistance.
 12. A surgical armassembly for use in performing an in vivo surgical action, the surgicalarm assembly comprising: an end-effector assembly, the end-effectorassembly having: a first instrument assembly having: a first instrument,the first instrument having a first elongated distal end for performinga surgical action and a second proximal end, the second proximal end ofthe first instrument having an opening, the first instrumentconfigurable to receive an electric current, the first instrumentconfigurable to perform an electrosurgical action when an electriccurrent is applied to the first instrument; a first instrument drivenportion configurable to be driven in such a way as to move the firstinstrument relative to a first axis; and a first instrument insulativeportion, the first instrument insulative portion provided in the openingof the first instrument, the first instrument insulative portionconfigurable to move the first elongated distal end of the firstinstrument relative to the first axis when the first instrument drivenportion drives the first instrument insulative portion to rotate aroundthe first axis, the first axis being an axis drawn through a center ofthe opening of the first instrument and a center axis of the firstinstrument insulative portion, wherein the first instrument insulativeportion is configurable to prevent at least the first instrument drivenportion from receiving an electric current applied to the firstinstrument; and a second instrument assembly having: a secondinstrument, the second instrument having a first elongated distal endfor performing a surgical action and a second proximal end, the secondproximal end of the second instrument having an opening, the secondinstrument configurable to receive an electric current, the secondinstrument configurable to perform an electrosurgical action when anelectric current is applied to the second instrument; a secondinstrument driven portion configurable to be driven in such a way as tomove the second instrument relative to the first axis; and a secondinstrument insulative portion, the second instrument insulative portionprovided in the opening of the second instrument, the second instrumentinsulative portion configurable to move the first elongated distal endof the second instrument relative to the first axis when the secondinstrument driven portion drives the second instrument insulativeportion to rotate around the first axis, wherein the second instrumentinsulative portion is configurable to prevent at least the secondinstrument driven portion from receiving an electric current applied tothe second instrument; and an arm assembly securable to and unsecurablefrom the end effector assembly.
 13. The surgical arm assembly of claim12, wherein the first instrument and the second instrument areconfigurable to move independently from one another relative to thefirst axis, and wherein the openings of the first and second instrumentsinclude a circular shaped opening for contacting with the first andsecond instrument insulative portions, respectively.
 14. The surgicalarm assembly of claim 12, wherein the movement of the first elongateddistal end of the first instrument relative to the first axis includes arotation relative to the first axis; and wherein the movement of thefirst elongated distal end of the second instrument relative to thefirst axis includes a rotation relative to the first axis.
 15. Thesurgical arm assembly of claim 12, wherein the first and secondinstruments collectively form an electrosurgical instrument.
 16. Asurgical arm assembly for use in performing an in vivo surgical action,the surgical arm assembly comprising: an end-effector assembly, theend-effector assembly having: a first instrument assembly having: afirst instrument, the first instrument having a first elongated distalend for performing a surgical action and a second proximal end, thesecond proximal end of the first instrument having a first instrumentcontact portion, the first instrument configurable to receive anelectric current, the first instrument configurable to perform anelectrosurgical action when an electric current is applied to the firstinstrument; a first instrument driven portion, the first instrumentdriven portion configurable to be driven in such a way as to move thefirst instrument relative to a first axis; and a first instrumentinsulative portion, the first instrument insulative portion having: afirst contact portion, the first contact portion of the first instrumentinsulative portion configured to mate with the first instrument contactportion; and a second contact portion, the second contact portion of thefirst instrument insulative portion configured to mate with the firstinstrument driven portion so as to enable the first instrument drivenportion to move, via the first and second contact portions, the firstelongated distal end of the first instrument relative to the first axis,the first axis corresponding to a center axis of the first instrumentcontact portion and a center axis of the first instrument insulativeportion; wherein the first instrument insulative portion is configuredto prevent at least the first instrument driven portion from receivingan electric current applied to the first instrument.
 17. The surgicalarm assembly of claim 16, wherein the first contact portion of the firstinstrument insulative portion includes an exterior portion having acircular shape.
 18. The surgical arm assembly of claim 17, wherein thesecond contact portion of the first instrument insulative portionincludes an exterior portion having a circular shape, the second contactportion adjacent to the first contact portion.
 19. The surgical armassembly of claim 17, wherein the second proximal end of the firstinstrument includes a circular opening, wherein the first instrumentcontact portion includes an interior surface forming the circularopening, and wherein the first contact portion of the first instrumentinsulative portion is provided in the circular opening.
 20. The surgicalarm assembly of claim 16, wherein the first instrument is formed as aunitary conductive body, and wherein the first instrument insulativeportion is formed as a unitary insulative body.